The American City
(History 1253 and Political Science 1253)

James Alexander
(zander+@pitt.edu)
University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown
Johnstontown, Pennsylvania, USA
Spring 2000


SYLLABUS

This course is designed to expose you to the American City as a political and historical entity. Naturally there is no one city which embodies the American experience so thoroughly that study of that one city would suffice. Yet throughout American history, cities do reflect common trends, common themes, and the interplay of common economic, sociocultural and political forces to such a degree that the study of the experiences of various American cities over time will reveal some understanding of current American cities and the dilemmas they face.

To begin with, cities are fundamentally spatial clusterings of people and productive resources, often exercising sovereign political authority and reflecting a common political will. Usually we refer to cities without giving consideration to their specific legal boundaries, preferring instead to focus on their larger social and economic dynamics. After all, when we refer to Pittsburgh or New York or London or Vienna, we consider each as a city broadly speaking, not as a specific legal entity. That we assume is a technicality better left to scholars, lawyers, and the courts.

As social scientists, however, we cannot afford to be so simplistic. As historical entities, cities must be viewed through the prism of the spatial, economic and social forces that shaped them. As political entities, cities must be viewed through the prism of the legal-constitutional system in which they evolved. No single focus will do. Therefore, we will begin by focusing on American cities as economic rather than political entities in order to understand the types of problems that are unique to cities and how those problems can be addressed through collective (i.e. political) means. We will then investigate how these unique problems have been addressed (or avoided) politically by officials in American cities in the 18th and 19th centuries in order to gain some historical perspective on the politics of cities. We will discover that the contemporary manner in which we address problems unique to cities has changed very little from the pattern established in the early 1800s.

By the end of this course, you will have a better understanding of the sheer complexity of urban problems and valuable perspective on the traditional ways in which they are addressed in current politics. Such an understanding will only come from your exposure to a wide range of historical, political, sociocultural and economic literature and ideas about American cities. Hence, this will be a reading/writing-intensive course. There will be no exams in the traditional sense, but rather frequent reading and writing assignments will be required. The course is designed for students who are truly interested in the American experience from an urban-interdisciplinary perspective and not for the feint-hearted. Caution: This course does not count as a DOS elective.

Course Requirements

Because this course presumes you have little background on this subject, the focus will be on readings on the diverse dynamics of the American City and you will be required to write clear and detailed summaries or interpretations of what you have read. Class sessions will be devoted to discussing conceptual models or historical themes of how cities have evolved and how cities defined and addressed their collective (political) problems. These discussions in turn will provide you with a broader context in which to understand the readings.

Specifically, you will be required to write formal review essays on required and supplemental readings and formal interpretive/analytical essays on the historical and political dynamics of the American City, drawing upon class discussions and required readings. Those will be summarized in each section of the course described below.

Required texts

Sam B. Warner
Streetcar Suburbs; The Process of Growth in Boston 1870-1900 (pb)

Jon Teaford,
The Twentieth Century American City (pb)

Roy Rosenzweig
Eight Hours for What We Will; Workers and Leisure in an Industrial City 1870-1920 (pb)

Resource Materials Booklet
(spiral-bound readings booklet available in UPJ Bookstore)


COURSE OUTLINE


SECTION I
The formation of cities as economic entities.

The location of manufacturing and service industries, migrations of populations (urbanization and suburbanization), conditions of urban growth, and the evolution of basic public services in American cities.

Required readings

Note: RMB indicates reading is in the Resource Materials Booklet. An asterick (*) indicates reading is on reserve at Central Desk in Owen Library.

Jon Teaford
Municipal Revolution in America; Origins of Modern Urban Government 1650-1825, pp. 3-34. *[RMB]

Timothy Mahoney
"Urban History in Regional Context: River Towns on the Upper Mississippi, 1840-1860" J Amer History 72 (1985): 318-339. [RMB]
Review essay due January 18

Don Doyle
"The Urbanization of Dixie" from New Men, New Cities, New South: Atlanta, Nashville, Charleston, Mobile, 1860-1910, * 1-21. [RMB]

Sam B. Warner
Streetcar Suburbs.  * Entire book.

Martin Melosi
"Environmental Crisis in the City: The Relationship Between Industrialization and Urban Pollution". [RMB]
Review essay due January 25

Stanley Schultz
"City as Sewer" from Constructing Urban Culture; American Cities and City Planning 1800-1920 , pp. 194-198. *[RMB]


Supplemental readings (21)

A review essay of one of these is due February 1.

Henry Binford
"Improvement Enterprise and the Fringe Economy" in The First Suburbs; Residential Communities on the Boston Periphery 1815-1860, * pp. 17-44.

Elizabeth Blackmar
"The Formation of Urban Tenancy," in Manhattan for Rent 1785-1850, * pp. 44-71.

Amy Bridges
"Fellow Citizens" in A City in the Republic; Antebellum New York and the Origins of Machine Politics, * pp. 39-60.

William Cronin
"Bounding the Land" in Changes in the Land; Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England, pp. 54-81. *

Hasia Diner
"Broom, Loom and Schoolroom: Work and Wages in the Lives of Irish Women" in Erin's Daughters in America, * pp. 70-105.

Hasia Diner
"On to America" in A Time for Gathering, The Second Migration 1820-1880 (Vol. II The Jewish People in America), * pp. 36-59.

Don Doyle, in New Men, New Cities, New South:
* "The New Order of Things" pp. 22-50
"Ebb Tide" pp. 51-86

Eli Faber
"Origins and Antecedents" in A Time for Planting; The First Migration 1654-1820 (Vol. I The Jewish People in America),* pp. 4-26.

David Gerber, The Making of an American Pluralism; Buffalo New York 1825-1860 , *
"A Place of Immense Resort: From Frontier Village to Continental Entrepot" pp. 3-21.
"Commerce and Class Formation " pp. 43-62.

Erik Haites et. al.
"Government in Western River Transportation before 1860" in Western River Transportation, The Era of Early Development 1810-1860, * pp. 88-110.

Louis Hunter
"Development of Steam Navigation in the West" in Steamboats on the Western Waters, An Economic and Technological History, * pp. 6-26.

Timothy Mahoney
"The Land Takes Shape: The Process of Settlement" in River Towns in the Great West; The Structure of Provincial Urbanization in the American Midwest 1820-1870, * pp. 16-54.

Edward Muller
"Metropolis and Region: A Framework for Enquiry Into Western Pennsylvania" in Samuel Hays, ed., City at the Point; Essays on the Social History of Pittsburgh,* pp. 181-211.

Edward Papenfuse
"The Stages of Urban Growth and the Emergence of a Merchant Class 1684-1774" in In Pursuit of Profit, The Annapolis Merchants in the Era of the American Revolution, * pp.5-34.

Katherine Reiser
"The Pennsylvania State System" in Pittsburgh's Commercial Development 1800-1850, pp. 85-111.*

Edward Spann
"Commercial New York" in The New Metropolis, New York City 1840-1857, * pp. 1-22.

Richard Wade
"The Economic Base" in The Urban Frontier; The Rise of Western Cities 1790-1830, * pp. 39-71.

Sam B. Warner
"The Environment of Private Opportunity" in The Private City, Philadelphia in Three Stages of Its Growth, * pp. 3-21.

SECTION II
Political Authority in the American City, 1650-1890.

The concept of political authority in liberal/republican society, the role of states and state constitutions after the American Revolution, the evolving legal status of municipal corporations, the impact of the Civil War, industrialization, and massive immigration into cities, the emergence of political machines and "bosses," the nativist reaction in American national politics.

Required readings

Teaford
The Municipal Revolution in America,* pp. 35-115. [RMB]

Donald Lutz
"Local Government" from Popular Consent and Popular Control; Whig Political Theory in the Early State Constitutions, * pp. 150-169. [RMB]
A review essay due February 17

Stanley Kutler
"Ferries and Bridges, 1630-1823; The Charles River Bridge Case" from Privilege and Creative Destruction; The Charles River Bridge Case, * pp. 6-17. [RMB]
A review essay due February 24

"The Brick Presbyterian Church Case" (1826) from Hendrick Hartog, Public Property and Private Power; The Corporation of the City of New York in American Law, 1730-1870, * pp. 71-77. [RMB]

Hartog
"The Ends of Government in Republican New York City" from Public Property and Private Power,* pp. 139-157. [RMB]

Schultz
"The Legal Landscape" from Constructing Urban Culture, * pp. 35-57. [RMB]

Edwin Gere
"Dillon's Rule and the Cooley Doctrine; Reflections of the Political Culture" J Urban History 8 (1982): 271-298. [RMB]

Schultz
"The Lawful City" from Constructing Urban Culture, * pp. 59-91. [RMB]

Supplemental readings: (21)

A review essay of one of these is due March 2

James R. Alexander
"Dillon's Rule Under the Burger Court: Municipal Liability Cases" Publius, The Journal of Federalism 18 (1988): 127-140. *

John Bodnar, The Transplanted
* "Families Enter America" pp. 57-84.
"The Rise of an Immigrant Middle Class" pp. 117-143.

Amy Bridges, in A City in the Republic
* "The Chronicles of Party" pp. 18-38
"Status and Solidarities" pp. 83-102
"The Voice of Industry" pp. 103-124

Don Doyle
"The New Paternalism" in New Men, New Cities, New South,* pp. 260-289.

Perry Duis
"Public Politics and the Saloon" in The Saloon; Public Drinking in Chicago and Boston 1880-1920,* pp. 114-142.

Robin Einhorne
"The Booster System of City Government" in Property Rules; Political Economy in Chicago 1833-1872, pp. 28-60. *

Sylvia Fries, The Urban Idea in Colonial America
* "William Penn's Green Country Towne" pp. 79-107.
"Savannah: The City in the Country" pp. 136-166.

James Russell, Atlanta 1847-1890; City Building in the Old South and the New
* "Organizing for Growth: Public and Private Enterprise to 1861 "pp. 38-66.
"Politics and Government 1865-1874, Race, Class and Party" pp. 169-197.

Martin Schiesl
"Patronage and Power" in The Politics of Efficiency; Municipal Administration and Reform in America 1880-1920,* pp. 25-45.

William Seiler
"The Anglican Church: A Basic Institution of Local Government in Colonial Virginia" in Bruce Daniels ed., Town and Country, Essays on the Structure of Local Government in the American Colonies, * pp. 134-159.

Gerald Sorin, in A Time for Building; The Third Migration 1880-1920 (Vol. III, The Jewish People in America)
* "The Immigration Experience" pp. 38-68.
"New York as the Promised City" pp. 69-108.
"Prophets, Proletarians, and Progressives" pp. 109-135.
"Participation in the American Political System" pp. 191-218.

Louise Wade
"Providing City Improvements " in Chicago's Pride; The Stockyards, Packingtown, and Environs in the Nineteenth Century, * pp. 310-330.

Richard Waterhouse
"The Responsible Gentry in South Carolina: A Study in Local Government 1670-1770" in Bruce Daniels, ed., Town and Country, * pp. 160-185.

SECTION III
Maturation of America's Cities 1890-1988.

Political reform movements, the "good government" and home rule, fragmentation of the authority of cities, rise of the federal role, contemporary urban dilemmas (such as housing, employment, education, etc.) as national political issues.

Required readings

Zane Miller
"Scarcity, Abundance and American Urban History" J Urban History 4 (1972): 131-155. [RMB]

James Barrett
"The Families and Communities of Packingtown 1894-1922" from Work and Community in the Jungle; Chicago's Packinghouse Workers 1894-1922, * pp. 64-117. [RMB]
A review essay due March 28

Fred Greenstein
"The Changing Pattern of Urban Party Politics" Annals 353 (1964): 1-13. [RMB]

Raymond Wolfinger
"Why Political Machines Haven't Withered Away, and Other Revisionist Thoughts" J Politics 34 (1972): 365-398. [RMB]

Alan DiGaetano
"Urban Political Reform: Did It Kill the Machine?" J Urban History 18 (1991): 37-67. [RMB] - review essay due April 11

Jon Teaford, The Twentieth Century American City, entire.

Supplemental reading

Roy Rosenzweig
Eight Hours for What We Will, *
A review essay due April 18

CALCULATION OF FINAL COURSE GRADES

Your evaluated work in this course will be composed entirely of a series of prepared formal essays that either summarize and interpret aspects of the required or supplemental reading, or integrate ideas and readings at the end of each section of the course. There will be no in-class exams in the traditional sense; your grade will be entirely composed of the evaluations of the assigned essays, turned in on the dates cited below and following the style sheet distributed in class. Late essays or failure to follow the assignment or the style sheet will result in grade reduction. Your written work in this course will then amount to 9 literature reviews and 3 sets of interpretive essays, totaling approximately 22-25 single-spaced pages and 200 points for the semester.

Assignment Points Length
or Pages
Due Date
Section I Review of Mahoney 10 1 Tues. January 18
Review of Melosi 10 1 Tues. January 25
Supplemental article review 15 2 Tues. February 1
Interpretive essays I 30 3-5 Tues. February 8
Section II Review of Lutz 10 1 Thurs. February 17
Review of Kutler 10 1 Thurs. February 24
Supplemental article review 15 2 Thurs. March 2
(before spring break)
Interpretive essays II 30 3-5 Tues. March 14
(after spring break)
Section III Review of Barrett 10 1 Tues. March 28
Review of DiGaetano 10 1 Tues. April 11
Rosenzweig review essay 20 3 Tues. April 18
Interpretive essays III 30 3-5 On or before
Fri. April 28


NOTE

Academic Integrity:   Students must comply with the UPJ Guidelines on Academic Integrity and rules of conduct outlined in the Student Handbook. All of the work presented as their own must be their own. Additional copies of the Guidelines are available in Biddle 133.

Students with Disabilities:   Students with disabilities who require special accommodations or other classroom modifications must notify the instructor and the Director of Disability Resources and Services (Biddle 133) in writing no later than the fourth week of the semester. Documentation of a disability may be needed to determine the appropriate accommodations or classroom modifications.



Syllabus prepared 9 January 2001 for H-Urban Teaching Center.
http://www.h-net.org/~urban/teach/index.htm

Syllabus copyright 2000 James Alexander. All rights reserved.
Permission to copy and use under "fair use" in education is granted,
provided proper credit is given.

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